The Safety Culture Is An Advanced Culture
Progressing With Each Passing Day

Xu Deshu

China National Association of Labor Protection Science and Technology

Abstract: Occupational safety and health have gained progress in hardware, management and criterions of human behavior. However severe occupational casualties makes human worry about. Experts and scholars advanced theory about the safety culture during 1980's to follow progress in science and technology, industrial development and requirement of civilization. Author works over a course of the safety culture and its connotation change according to viewpoint of safety philosophy and viewpoint of safety science and technology; construction of the safety culture is the basis of improving occupational safety and health as well as the basis of the people's safety and community safety, which have been proved by a lot of practices of enterprises in China. According to viewpoint of modern safety and health, the background of establishing China the safety culture is analyzed. The course of developing and propagating the safety culture is studied。A new viewpoint of modern safety science and technology established by modern for striding into the 21st century is put forward.

1. The general situation

The people has set a still higher demand on safety and health and their standard to follow progress in science and technology as well as social civilization Not only experts and scholars but also enterprisers in industrial circles and personnel officers of safety management are researching new path to satisfy demand of new times. Author thinks that 3 main achievements have been gained: 

● Improving speciality and functions of safety hardware 
Safety state of the matter including mechanism, facilities, instrument, tools, means of production etc. in a broad sense has been improved. Improvement of safety state of the matter includes increasing safety and reliability and defensibility in facilities, machine and tools, technology by means of improving design, manufacture and application.

● Conforming human safety behavior 
Safe physiological characteristics, safe psychological quality and scientific adaptability to social environment of laborers have actively been increased. Some achievements in system, legislations, propaganda and education have been got.

● Uninterruptedly improving safe management system
To achieve the objectives with safety, systematization and match, various modes of safe management system and modern safe management methods with different features have appeared by means of adjusting relations between persons and persons, persons and matters and matters and matters.
Present statistics of International labor Organization indicates that annual death toll caused by work accidents amounts to 1.1 million in the world .The death toll caused by accidents including traffic accidents exceeds 100,000 per year in China. Some new risks are the potential menace in safety and health, the new menaces include risk of adopting new high-tech, risk of industrial production and development, and risk while people is living and seeks high quality life. So moderns have to adopt the new thinking method and the new notion about safe science culture of the 21st century to survey changing the world, master fortune's wheel of human being scientifically and impersonally, love lives, pay deference to human's living right, defend human's peaceful and comfortable life, as well as to create a beautiful future with stable society and sustainable development. 

2. Survey the course of the safety culture according to the viewpoint of the safety philosophy 

The original safety culture bourgeoned while human being exists. The course of human's safety culture can be described by the viewpoints of both safety philosophy and safety epistemology. 

Fig.1 Relationship between protection ability of human being and the safety culture according to safety epistemology and safety philosophy viewpoint

● Ignorance and fatalism about safety before the 17th century 
Human being was not able to defend ourselves against disasters and diseases while we faced safety problems in the living activities because of low acquaintance ability,simply living mode.Human being got along with ignorance, flabbiness and passiveness ,and depended on living appetence and conditioned reflex. Remote antiquity safety culture was gestated from the original society to the extensive cultivation period. 

● Safety experientialism and traditional safety viewpoint from Industrial 
Revolutionto the middle of the 20th century 
Industrial revolution pushed social development during the steam engine age. Human being had learnt experience defending ourselves from practical activities and become an insider knowing partial safety so that human being adopted the experience learnt from practice to defend life then we got ride of ignorance and passiveness. Modern safety culture had formed.

● Systematic safety theory and comprehensive safety viewpoint from 1970's of the20th century to 1980's of the 20th century
When development of military industry and aviation industry as well as development and research of both satellite and missile, all of them request super severe requirements for safety, reliability, systematism of engineering technology and accuracy. Design, manufacture and experiment bring new high-tech and systematic engineering to develop rapidly, so that systematic safety theory and comprehensive safety viewpoint appear. Systematic safety knowledge and safety engineering technology are main contents of modern safety culture.

● Rising the safety culture theory and viewpoint of knowing beforehand and controlling beforehand since 1990's of the 20th century 
Meanwhile competition and development of military industry, development of space navigation industry push discovery of the universe; development of nuclear industry also makes nuclear power develop, all of which bring forward a series of problems about systematism and artificial intelligence and automatization. During tackling the problems human being accumulates new knowledge, creates new technology. While enjoying scientific achievements, human being is suffering damage and risks from high-tech.So that taking the human being as the base, safety performance, reliability and accuracy of equipment and technology must be known beforehand and can be controlled to achieve the aim at human is the first, and to protect safety and health of human being's body and mind. On the basis of situation mentioned above, the safety culture theory and viewpoint of knowing beforehand and controlling beforehand in progressing with each passing day have been formed, which is called as the great safety culture.
During human being knows the protection of life safety and health, the knowing course goes through some developing phases including ignorance, partial knowing, systematic knowing and viewpoint of knowing beforehand and controlling beforehand ,which reflect continuously improvement in knowing safety and safety philosophy viewpoint and also indicate that the safety culture is continuously rich and flourishing in human being's activities of production and living. 

3. Survey optimization and flourish of the safety culture according to safety activities of human being and progress in science and technology

Living, propagation and development of human being as well as social progress and civilization take safety production and safety living activities of human being as foundation. Human being encounters more and more risks and challenge to follow industrial revolution and development of science and technology. To protect safety and health of our body and mind. Human being takes 3 periods to lighten various threats, optimize and develop the safety culture (Fig. 2). 

Fig.2 Relationship between protection ability of ourselves human being and the safety culture according to safety production and viewpoint of progress in science and technology 

● The Implements' safety culture from Industrial Revolution to 1960's of the 20th 
century
Accidents happened frequently, which threatened life and property severely at that time. Knowledge and skills of self-protection were from ignorance to partial knowing. Improving methods of technology, hardware and implements were sought continually to gradually tackle and ameliorate problems about intrinsically safely implements. The implements achieved temporally and relatively safety, which formed the implements' safety culture.

● The industrial safety culture from1970's of the 20th century to 1990's of the 20th century
The implements' safety culture gradually formed during the Industrial Revolution. Although safety implements,safe measures and safety facilities played an important role in avoiding losses of life and property. However the level of implements' improvement and progress in science and technology were limited by knowing ability of human being as well as technical and economic conditions. All shortage forced human being to seek new amelioration way. Ameliorating relationship between matter and human being, making them harmonize and match, have been put forward. Experts and scholars bring forward a serious of safety management theories and efficient methods. After that various safety management modes and application means have been adopted and played an important role in avoiding, reducing and controlling accidents, losses of life and property, as well as increasing efficiency.
Industrial the safety culture has formed.

● The broad sense safety culture from 1990's of the 20th century up to now 
As companied with development of technology about space navigation, nuclear weapon and missile, attention is given not only to safety performance of artificial system and reliability of matching and amalgamating between artificial system and natural system but also to safety and health of man's body and mind, development and safety of artificial intelligence, error control caused by man. Understanding and assessment of safety and health of modern's body and mind must be attached to protect human being's existent right, labor right, respect human rights, and ethic and morality. It is most important to take safety when man does any activities as safeguard the people's interests. The new century's man had taken man's safety and health of body and mind, safety, health, comfort, less disasters etc. as aims. The broad sense safety culture, which is reforming and developing, means the safety culture in the fields including human's production, life, existence. Nucleus of the broad sense safety culture is "safety first", "life supreme", "human life with utmost care","treasuring life". It consists of viewpoint of safety life, viewpoint of safety value, viewpoint of safety criterion, ability of safety science and technology, and safety ethic and morality.

4. Construction of China's safety culture progressing with each passing day 

Economical development makes conception and behavior of human's production, life and existence change. In particular, safety production in industry has changed profoundly and delicately. Some situations occurring in China include new value viewpoint and scientific thinking way, wider field of vision and better social suitable ability, activities of devotion life when dealing with concrete matters, hankering for health and longevity. All the situations promote a tide of propagating and sparkplugging the safety culture, increasing diathesis of the safety culture in industrial circles and communities in China. Rising and developing the enterprises safety culture and the popular safety culture have their special times' background progressing with each passing day. The background is as follows:

● Change in the people's philosophy and value viewpoint
The people's economic foundation and living standard have increased evidently. The people's hankering for self live and life has new contents. After tackling the problems being enough to eat and wear, the people need safety, health, comfort and longevity. The people's philosophy and value viewpoint have ultimately changed. Safety production, safety living, stable society have become important signs of social civilization and citizen's culture diathesis.

● Progress in safety science and technology and advance of science propaganda 
level
Safety science and technology is the 1st class subject in China (see GB/T137-45)，which means deeply research in the essence and the motion law of safety. Results of safety science and technology about accident prediction, accident prevention and accident control have changed into safe facilities, safe equipment safeguard and safe products. The people's knowledge about safety science and technology has been increased by propaganda, education of science popularization. The people demand the safe culture of science and technology in safe production, safe living and safe existence.

● Laws and regulations system about labor safety and labor hygiene is gradually perfecting and the people's legality sense is continuously increasing 
Protecting safety and health of laborers in production process is essential contents of national labor protection policy. Safety production guideline, "Safety First, Give Priority to Prevention", strikes root in the hearts of the people. There are articles about improvement of labor conditions, protection of the laborers' safety and health in the constitution of the People's Republic of China, the labor regulations, enterprises' regulations, administration regulations of local governments. Laws and regulations system about labor safety and labor hygiene is gradually perfecting and the people's legality sense is continuously increasing. Legality sense is also increasing. It becomes a weapon that the people adopts the legal system to protect ourselves rights and interests, and safety and health of body and mind. 

● Prepotency policy pay more attention to human safety and health
The policy, "call for a married couple has one child", has been accepted by the people in common. The safety and health about child-bearing of only child, only child bringing up, only child growing up and only child taking up an occupation must become hot points attracting family and society attention. During the process of employment, it will be difficult for some positions to take persons into employment because these positions or factories or work places are unsafe, less hygienic, dangerous, risky. Chinese in the 21st century, especially only children, think a lot of oneself safety and health. 

● Painful lessons from 4 peaks of casualties 
There are 4peaks of casualties in China over the past 50 years, which occur in the periods of political change or economic reform. The periods of political change or economic reform include "the Great Leap Forward "in 1958, period of "the Great Proletarian Culture Revolution" in 1970, the early period of "reform and open in China" in 1978,and period of severe problems of repeating subjects' construction in 1984.The reasons including ignorance of safety, no abidance of safe regulations, direction against laws or regulations or foolhardy work, no adoption of scientific method, no consideration relationship between speed and interests not only impact normal production but also endanger life and property of workers and employees.

Painful lessons from 4 peaks of casualties indicate that man-made errors are prime culprits caused casualties. Depending on statistics by experts and scholars, 60%-70% casualties are caused by man-made errors，in which 80% casualties are caused by man low safety consciousness and low safety diathesis. Physiological characteristics, psychological characteristics, social characteristics, philosophy, value viewpoint etc. shall affect results of man safety thinking and behavior so increasing the safety culture diathesis of laborers is a gold key to prevent of man-made errors and reduce casualties. 

● It is necessary to increase safety consciousness and the safety culture diathesis of laborers
Culture diathesis of employees is quite low and their technical abilities are getting lower at present. Statistics indicate that 
-Educational level of some 70% of 140 million employees in China is educational level of junior middle school or low;
-New employees, most of them are from countryside, mainly depend on cheap labor, resources and time to carry out low efficiency production; 
-Employees who have got systematic professional education are 15%-20%of the total employees;
-Technical workers and middle workers and senior workers in state-owned enterprises are 2%-3% of the total employees.

Since China reform and open, millions farmers rush into industry and become laborers of cheap and low diathesis labor force in evidence. Most of these contract workers, casual workers, season workers,who are workers with low skills and low efficiency, work in/at work places where the environment is the most dirty, the most weary ,the most dangerous and the most unhygienic. These conditions not only reduce the total safety diathesis of employees and staff but also increase difficulty of controlling sudden casualties.

During the period of economic construction it is necessary to really transfer the key point of safety production to depend on scientific and technological progress, and increase laborers' diathesis including safety technology, safety knowledge and the safety culture diathesis. Increasing safety consciousness and the safety culture diathesis of laborers even all the people urgently is not only a requirement of society civilization but also unshirkable duties of the government and enterprises, employers.
● The people of the whole country pay more attention to safety and health during the rest life
Employees of the whole country enjoy the rights of 40 hours of work per week. Employees and citizen have time enough to do their enjoying activities.Because of difference among mode, extension and area, it is the people's demand that learning and mastering knowledge about safety and hygiene, mastering methods of self safeguard and first aid and creating a safe ,comfortable, and hygienic environment for rest activities, which are the new contents of safety rest culture. It is the new requirements of the safety culture that increasing knowledge of safety science and technology, and creating the safety culture atmosphere for rest activities.

● Risk caused by new and high technology goes into family, the people needs the 
safety culture of scientific consume 
The products of new and high technology go into market which bring convenience, boon, and enjoyment to families, meanwhile hidden accident trouble and risk go into families too. A lot of sudden casualties happen because of lack of safe scientific and technological culture knowledge, for example unable to use household electrical appliance correctly, misunderstanding or unable to read the instructions of the products, operating appliance against operation procedure, misunderstanding the specifications of the products and parts or assembly of easy breaking down. 

According to information disclosed by relative person from China Consumer Association, damage to consumers safety and health is outstanding problem in China. It is said that electrical leakage of household electrical appliance causes more than 800 death per year in China.。173 died from quality of gas water heater in 1994 only. There were 11 severe accidents caused by fake alcohol from 1984 to 1989,in which lawbreaking persons adopted industrial alcohol to make fake alcohol caused 129 death and 4966 poisoning and 33 losing their sight A case of fake alcohol happened in Suozhou City,Shanxi Province in1998 was a case shocking by the sight with 27 death. There are a series of unsafe and unhygienic factors in traffic, travel, environmental pollution, entertainment, toy, medicine, medical treatment, cosmetic and so on. All mentioned above severely threaten consumers' safety and health.

To protect ourselves, the people has to increase safe scientific and technological diathesis and acquire safe and healthy consumption viewpoint 

● Safe and healthy problems in unproductive field must be properly guided by the 
safety culture
Meanwhile 20000~25000 persons died from sudden accidents happened at/in enterprises and mines ,70000~85000 persons died from the sudden accidents in unproductive field in China. In fact, misfortune including flood, earthquake, mud-rock flow, weather, accidents befall to the people in unproductive activities, and casualty is getting more and more. According to the data published by the government in1998, casualty in unproductive field is more than that in productive field. 
-78000 died in traffic accidents in highway;
-8402 died in accidents at railway junctions;
-2380 died in fire accidents;
-5511 died in natural disasters.
On the basis of conservatively estimation, not less than 10000~15000 died in accidents caused by fireworks, firecracker, balloon for happy events, household electrical apparatus, rest and travel per year. It is reported that 500~1 million are injured ,among which some died, by applying or taking medicine getting from hospital or selves buying from pharmacy. So it does not allow to gnore safety and health problems in the field of the people's daily life, living and social activities. Construction of the people safety culture and the safety culture of community become an important sign of social progress and civilization.

● Education of the safety culture diathesis starts from children
Safety education including safe consciousness, safe thinking, convention, safeguard, skills and knowledge of facing an emergency and saving oneself must start from children, pupil and students of middle school. Increasing the safety culture diathesis of young generation has realistic meanings and strategic meanings. The safety culture can most deeply affect thinking and behavior of children. Safety education is able to train children to love life, self-discipline behavior and moral character. Safety must be one of essential education contents of students' diathesis education.
There are 180 million pupils and students of middle school in China. It is reported that average some 40000 pupils and students of middle school per year died, in which some 1500 died in accidents of traffic, fire and falling,or by drowning over the past 10 years. The total numbers of unnatural death of pupils and students of middle school were 17625 in1994. Government and society give attention to safety education of children and young generation.

The document jointly dispatched by 7 ministries and committees of The State Council stipulated that every last Monday of March every year is "Safety Education Day for Pupils and Students of Elementary School and Middle School of the Whole Country" since 1996.A series of safety education activities are put in practice. For example, the topics of "Safety Education Day" since 1996 were "The whole society pays attention to safety education of pupils and students of elementary school and middle school", "Traffic safety education", "Strengthen save oneself and save each other", "Safety education about fire fighting" respectively. Experts have edited "Safety knowledge for students of middle school", teaching materials, and "Guide of safety knowledge for Beijing citizen". Meanwhile suggestion has been made to offer "Science and Technology of Safety" course taking as an elective course; hold a course of lectures on safe scientific and technological culture. Increasing the safety culture diathesis of children, students and the masses is a great event benefiting today and making contribution to the future.

● The safety culture is established on the base of occupational safety and health management system
International tandardization Organization (ISO) has practiced ISO9000," Quality Management and Quality Security System" and ISO14000, "Environmental Management System" all over the world. China is trying out occupational safety and health management system (OSHMS). The nucleus of quality, environmental protection, safety and health is the problem of human's safety, health and living. and the problem of the safety culture, civilized production and social civilization too. Pushing OSHMS standardization is an important content of industrial safe culture on the basis of the safety culture. If whole employees with high the safety culture diathesis do not attach themselves to and support trying out OSHMS, and no atmosphere of being suitable for enterprises the safety culture forms, it will not able to establish OSHMS, which effect will be nothing, so that 3 management systems will not conform with each other and joint together.

● The people needs safe scientific and technological culture
When most of Chinese living standard attain comparatively well-off, we needs safe scientific and technological culture to enrich ourselves knowledge and protect ourselves. Convention of seeking after the safety culture, taking good care of life, protecting safety and health of body and mind is forming, which expression is as follows:
-Aim of the people in their activities is to seek after safety, comfort, health and longevity;
-The people is fond of recreational and sports activities of safety and health,as well as rest, gym and travel;
-Giving up smoking, stopping drinking, body building,training etiquette, fashionable dress as well as all the activities in eating, living and traveling, the people take safety and health as fashion. 
-Learn how to use household fire extinguisher and fire equipment, master knowledge of fire fighting and fire fighting methods with pleasure;
-Earnestly learn method of first aid, save each other, flee for one's life, take part in exercises in field;
-Learn how to call first-aid 119; fire alarm 119;bandit alarm 110, traffic accident alarm 122, failure alarm 112,weather forecasting 121,time enquiry service 117,directory inquiries 114 etc. for keeping away from accident;
-Subscibe or buy books or magazines about safety, health and disaster to learn more knowledge and information;
-Change consume concept to buy safe, healthy and environmental protection products;
-It become the people safety and health excellence that growing flowers and grasses, planting tree, loving birds, giving attention to health, protecting ecological environment 
5. Safety scientific and technological culture needs propaganda and development

Author think that the most profound effective way is initiation and enlargement of culture to enlighten human thinking, acquire materialist viewpoint, master scientific method, foster civilized people. Propaganda and education are adopted to enlighten human, affect human, educate human, model human. The most important step is that the start from initiation and children education. The safety culture is that a scientific and technological culture torrent surges forward with continuously inheritance, absorption, optimization and prosperity to follow human living, reproduction, development and social civilization.Fig.3 is a sketch map about development and propaganda of the safety culture. The safety culture progressing with each passing day educates and guides the people implement production, living, living activities safely, and guard our descendants' safety and health of body and mind.

Fig.3 A sketch map about development and propaganda of the safety culture

6. Foster new viewpoint of the 21st century's safety culture

By means of the effects of the safety culture propaganda and education, the people is enlightened during fostering philosophy of safety and safety value viewpoint to meditate on unsafe behavior and unsafe convention and achieve the safety goal in all activities. The author thinks that the people must foster new thinking way and new viewpoint about the safety culture progressing with each passing day:
● Expand and research into new safety field 
It is not complete to research into safety in production field only. It is necessary to continuously expand and research into safety problems in living and exist fields to completely understand the essence and the motion laws of safety, accident and disaster.

"Occupational accidents were 7% in casualties happened in the world and 56% accidents were others" emphasized on by experts at "International Conference on Common Safety" in1993. In the same year productive accidents, occupational accidents, were 10%, other accidents, nonproductive accidents were 47.2% in USA. Nonproductive casualties were 8 times productive casualties in Japan. Casualty statistics of UK, France and Germany indicates that casualties of productive accidents were some 10% in the total casualties. Casualties of productive accidents in mining industry, mines and enterprises are 15%--20% in the last few years in China.

Therefore，examine the matters from safety scientific and technological angles, the people are required establishing new safety conception. Meanwhile paying attention to safe production, more power must give to family safety, safety of fire fighting, traffic safety, products safety ,medicine safety, safety of health protection and safety of entertainment, environmental protection and safety in other nonproductive field.

● Safeguard person who are engaged in any activities
Viewpoint about safeguard person who is engaged in any activities is continuously expanding protection of person who are engaged in any activities on the basis of safe production, safety and health of employees. For example, goal of person safety when persons are engaged in activities of social contact and daily live is protecting their safety and health of both body and mind. Person is the most active factor in any activities. Persons with both safety and health can be engaged in all the activities in social development, science and technology progress, culture prosperity.

● Propaganda and education on great safety viewpoint will affect the people greatly, key point is cultivation of the young generation
Propaganda, education and affection are effectively adopted by means of media and means to let the people establish the great safety viewpoint Urgent affairs is to cultivate babies, pupils and students of elementary school and middle school or young generation. Propaganda and education are used to foster the people to have scientific safe viewpoint, occupational ethics and morality, safe behavior criterion, to master self save, save each other and emergent protection technology. Increasing the people's safe culture diathesis is taken as long term strategic and important subject of propaganda and education. 

● Improve and enlarge subjects of safety science by the great the safety culture
According to Chinese standard GB/T13754-1992, subjects of safe science and technology rank the 1st class subject, which includes 5 subject of the 2nd class, and 28 subjects of the 3rd class. However consider the subject's theory and the subject's structure, the subject of safe science and technology needs to enrich and improve. Using the great safety culture viewpoint to consider the problems, it is possible that subject intercross of safety subject, environmental protection subject and reduction disaster to create and develop the original subjects and create new subject.

● Persist in sparkplugging and developing the safety culture and increase the eople safety culture diathesis
Every one needs safety, Every one has responsibility for maintaining safety. Every one has incumbency to create and protect safety. Persisting in sparkplugging and developing the safety culture is able to encourage and strengthen the people safe consciousness, to prompt propaganda and education of safety civilization and achieve the goal of elicitation, education and training of the people who are satisfy the requirement of the times. Peaceful safe culture atmosphere all over the world forms to construct civilization world with more safety, healthy and comfortable feature for human being sustainable living and developing. 

● Cultivate and build up a leading, preventing and scientific safe risky concept
It is necessary to fully popularize and apply safe science and technology and modern high-tech to assess, predict and forecast the accidents.Call for reducing disaster, preventing disaster and preventing culture. Cultivate and build up a leading, discovering, preventing safe risky concept. Adopt initiative, scientific and systematic method to protect safety, peace and happy of human being.

● Build up the viewpoint about city suffering and comprehensive reducing disasters
Experts predict that 1/3 population of the whole country, some 460 millions, will live in big cities by 2000.Scientization and technicalization of Industry, city modernization will bring human society potential disasters difficultly controlled. Some disasters such as traffic, applying water and electricity, fire fighting, environmental protection, crowd buildings, medicare system and so on, will directly affect safety and health of the people.The people must build up the great safety viewpoint which are infiltration, intercross ,colligation of different subjects including safety, reducing disasters and environmental protection. The great safety viewpoint advocates constructing scientific and technical culture with safety, reducing disasters, environmental protection. When facing natural disasters and war disasters, the people shall tackle the problem and minimize the losses and casualties, stabilize society order, or reduce disaster in city and communities.

7. Conclusions 

If the people wish to achieve the goal doing any job safely, comfortably and efficiently, it will be necessary to increase the people safety culture diathesis about science and technology, build up the new safety culture viewpoint for striding into the 21st century, which is requirements of progress in science and technology, and marketing economy. It is the people demands to love life, treat one's life well by way of propaganda and education of the safety culture to let the people awaken and understand .It is the holy responsibility of government and society to safeguard human safety and health of body and mind. Only the whole people strive for the safety culture, inherit and develop the safety culture from the generation to the generation, the torrent of Chinese safety culture may surge forward and flourish. 

However, the people notice clear-headed that construction of the Chinese safety culture is shoulder heavy responsibilities. At present the atmosphere suitable for sparkplugging enriching and spreading the safety culture does not formed. The atmosphere of the safety culture at home and abroad is urging development of the safety culture of science and technology in China as early as possible. The safety culture needs continuously propaganda, education and promotion time and again. It may take a long time, perhaps one century or two centuries, to develop the safety culture, then the great achievements of propaganda, education, promotion of the safety culture today will throw out. It is just beginning of constructing the safety culture in China. Only the whole people do ourselves level best to struggle for constructing the safety culture, we will create the bright future with safe, health, comfort and less disasters. 


    References
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[3] Xu Deshu, Development of Science,Culture and Subject of Xu Deshu, Chinese safety culture Construction-Research and Discovery，Chengdu，Sichuan Safe Science and Technology 《Research in Science》 No.16 (3) 1998 pp26~34
[4] Jin Lei, Xu Deshu ,Luo Yun, Strategy of Safety and Reducing Disasters in China for the 21st Century, Kaifeng, Henan University Publishing House ,Dec.1998 
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